Izinto zokwakha ziyizinto ezibalulekile zokwakha, ezinquma izici zesakhiwo, isitayela, kanye nemiphumela. Izinto zokwakha zendabuko ngokuyinhloko zihlanganisa amatshe, ukhuni, izitini zobumba, umcako, negypsum, kuyilapho izinto zokwakha zesimanje zihlanganisa insimbi, usimende, ukhonkolo, ingilazi namapulasitiki. Ngamunye wabo unezici ezihlukile futhi udlala indima ebalulekile ekwakheni.
Izinto zokwakha zendabuko
1. Itshe
Itshe lingenye yezinto zokuqala zokwakha zendabuko ezazisetshenziswa emlandweni wesintu. Iqukethe izindawo ezigciniwe eziningi, ukusatshalaliswa okusabalele, ukwakheka okuhle, amandla acindezelayo aphezulu, ukumelana namanzi okuhle, ukuqina, nokumelana nokugqokwa okuhle kakhulu. INtshonalanga Yurophu yake yasetshenziswa kabanzi ngamatshe ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo, anezibonelo eziphawulekayo ezihlanganisa neSigodlo esihle saseVersailles eFrance kanye neNdlu Yephalamende YaseBrithani. Ukwengeza, imibhoshongo yaseGibhithe yayakhiwe kusetshenziswa izinti ezinkulu zamatshe ezisikwe ngokunembile. I-Stone Architecture ithwala i-aura yobukhulu, ukuhlonipheka, nobuhle. Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yobuningi bayo obukhulu nesisindo, izakhiwo zamatshe zivame ukuba nezindonga ezinkulu, okunciphisa isilinganiso sendawo yesakhiwo. Noma kunjalo, ingasetshenziswa njengophawu lokunethezeka ekwakhiweni kwe-upscale, idale imiphumela yobuciko eyingqayizivele.
2. Izinkuni
Izinkuni, njengempahla yokwakha yendabuko, inezici ezifana nesisindo esincane, amandla aphezulu, ukukhanga kobuhle, ukusebenza kahle, ukuvuselela, ukuphinda usebenziseke kabusha, kanye nokuba nobungane bemvelo ngaphandle kokungcola. Ngakho-ke, izakhiwo zokhuni zesakhiwo zibonisa ukuzinza okuhle kakhulu nokumelana nokuzamazama komhlaba. Nokho, izinkuni ezisetshenziswa ekwakheni nazo ziza nezithiyo. Ithambekele ekuphendukeni, ukuqhekeka, ukukhula kwesikhunta, kanye nokuhlaselwa yizinambuzane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iyakwazi ukusha, okungaba nomthelela kwikhwalithi yayo nokuqina kwayo.
Izinkuni beziyimpahla yokwakha engaphelelwa isikhathi ngenxa yezakhiwo zayo eziphakeme zemishini futhi isetshenziswe kabanzi emisebenzini yokwakha kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo. Izakhiwo ezithile njengezingxenye zethempeli laseNanchan kanye neThempeli laseFoguang eNtabeni iWutai eShayina zisebenza njengabameleli abavamile bezakhiwo. Lezi zakhiwo zinemithambeka ethambile, engaguquki, ama-eaves abanzi, abakaki abavelele, kanye nesitayela esinesizotha nesilula.
Kumaphrojekthi wesimanje wobunjiniyela bomphakathi, izakhi ezifana nemishayo, amakholomu, izisekelo, iminyango, amafasitela, ngisho nesikhunta sikakhonkolo sincike okhunini. Njengempahla yokwakha ephefumulayo, izinkuni zinikeza ukufudumala ebusika kanye nokupholile ehlobo, ngaleyo ndlela kudala indawo yokuhlala efanelekile kakhulu yabantu.
Ithempeli laseNanchan, eChina
3. Izitini zobumba
Izitini zobumba ziwuhlobo lwempahla yokwakha eyenziwe ngumuntu. Sekuyisikhathi eside, izitini zobumba ezivamile beziyizinto eziyinhloko zodonga lokwakhiwa kwezindlu e-China. Izitini zobumba zibonakala ngobukhulu bazo obuncane, isisindo esincane, ukwakhiwa kalula, ukuhleleka okuhlelekile nokujwayelekile, umthamo wokuthwala umthwalo, amandla okufakelwa kanye nokugcinwa, kanye nomhlobiso wabo we-facade. Ukuzisebenzisa ekwakheni kube neqhaza elikhulu ekudaleni izindawo zokuhlala zabantu. I-Forbidden City iwumfanekiso wezakhiwo ojwayelekile osebenzisa izitini zobumba. Izitini zobumba ezimise okwejwayelekile ezisetshenziselwa indawo engaphambili yangaphandle zineqhaza emphumeleni wobuciko obumangalisayo weDolobha Elingavunyelwe. Nokho, izinto ezingavuthiwe zezitini zobumba ziwubumba lwemvelo, futhi ukukhiqizwa kwazo kuhilela ukudela umhlaba olimekayo. Kancane kancane, athathelwa indawo ezinye izinto. Noma kunjalo, isikhundla sabo emlandweni wezokwakha womuntu asisoze sasulwa.
4. Umcako
I-Lime, njengempahla yokwakha yendabuko, iyaziwa nge-plasticity yayo eqinile, inqubo yokuqina kancane, amandla aphansi ngemva kokuqina, kanye nokunciphisa umthamo obalulekile ngesikhathi sokuqina. Izinkulungwane zeminyaka yomlando wayo zifakazela ukwethenjwa kwesintu nokuthembela kulo msebenzi. Umcako usalokhu uyimpahla yokwakha ebalulekile, esetshenziswa kabanzi emisebenzini yokwakha ehlukahlukene nasezimbonini, njengokuplasta kwangaphakathi, ukuhlanganisa udaka lomcako negrout, nokulungisa izitini ze-adobe nezidaka.
Ngokufanayo, i-gypsum, enye impahla yokwakha yendabuko yasendulo, inala ngezinto ezingavuthiwe, inqubo elula yokukhiqiza, ukusetshenziswa kwamandla okuphansi kokukhiqizwa kwamandla, ukumuncwa komswakama okuqinile, ukuthengeka, kanye nobungane bemvelo. Ilungele ikakhulukazi ukwahlukanisa kwesimanje kwezakhiwo zangaphakathi, imihlobiso, namaphrojekthi wokuqeda. Ukwengeza, isetshenziselwa ngokuyinhloko ukwenza i-gypsum plaster kanye nemikhiqizo ye-gypsum.
Izinto zokwakha zesimanje
5. Insimbi
Insimbi idlala indima ebalulekile ekwakhiweni kwesimanje njengempahla yokwakha. Insimbi inezimfanelo ezinhle kakhulu ezifana namandla angasindi kodwa aphezulu, ipulasitiki enhle nokuqina, ukuphepha nokwethembeka, izinga eliphezulu lezezimboni, isivinini sokwakha esisheshayo, ukuhlakazwa okulula, izakhiwo ezinhle zokuvala, nokumelana nokushisa okuphezulu. Lezi zici eziphambili ziyenza ibaluleke ekwakhiweni kwesimanjemanje, isetshenziswa ikakhulukazi ezakhiweni zensimbi ezinobude obukhulu njengezikhumulo zezindiza nezinkundla zemidlalo, izakhiwo zensimbi zesakhiwo esinezindlu eziphakeme ezihlanganisa amahhotela nezakhiwo zamahhovisi, izakhiwo eziphakeme njengethelevishini nemibhoshongo yokuxhumana, izakhiwo zensimbi zegobolondo ezifana nowoyela omkhulu. amathangi okugcina kanye namathangi egesi, izakhiwo zensimbi yemboni yezimboni, izakhiwo zensimbi ezingasindi njengezindawo zokugcina izimpahla ezincane, izakhiwo zensimbi yebhuloho, nezakhiwo zensimbi zezinto ezihambayo njengamakheshi kanye ama-cranes.
6. Usimende
Usimende, njengempahla yokwakha yesimanje, uthola ukusetshenziswa okubanzi kwezezimboni, ezolimo, imithombo yamanzi, ezokuthutha, ukuthuthukiswa kwamadolobha, itheku, nokwakhiwa kwezokuvikela. Esikhathini samanje, sekuyimpahla yokwakha esemqoka kunoma yimuphi umsebenzi wokwakha. Usimende uyimpushana engaphili, okuthi uma ixubene namanzi, yakhe uketshezi nokunamathisela okuthambile. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, lokhu kunamathisela usimende kuba nezinguquko ezingokomzimba kanye namakhemikhali, kuguquguquka ukusuka ekunamathisele okuthambile kube okuqinile okuqinile ngezinga elithile lamandla. Ingakwazi futhi ukuhlanganisa ndawonye uquqaba oluqinile noma izinto eziyimbudumbudu ukuze kwakhe isakhiwo esihlangene. Usimende awuqini nje kuphela futhi uzuze amandla lapho uvulelwe emoyeni kodwa ungaqina emanzini, ulondoloze futhi uthuthukise amandla awo. Usimende usetshenziswa kakhulu ezinhlelweni zokwakha, futhi usetshenziswa kabanzi kwezobunjiniyela bomphakathi, ingqalasizinda kawoyela negesi, ukwakhiwa kwamadamu, ukwakhiwa kwamatshe, ukwakhiwa kwemigwaqo nokunye.
7. Ukhonkolo
Ukhonkolo, njengempahla yokwakha yesimanje, udlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu kumaphrojekthi wokwakha wesimanje. Ukhonkolo uyinto yokwakha eyakhiwe ngokuxuba izinto ezibophayo ezinjengobumba, umcako, igypsum, umlotha wentaba-mlilo, noma itiyela lemvelo elinamaqoqo njengesihlabathi, i-slag, netshe elichotshoziwe. Inezindawo ezinhle kakhulu, ezihlanganisa ukuhlangana okuqinile, ukuqina, nokumelana namanzi. Kodwa-ke, ukhonkolo uthathwa njengento ephukayo enamandla amakhulu okucindezela kodwa amandla aphansi kakhulu, okwenza kube lula ukuqhekeka.
Ngokwethulwa kukasimende nensimbi, kwatholakala ukuthi ukuhlanganisa lezi zinto kunikeza amandla angcono okubopha futhi kwawavumela ukuba agcwalise ubuthakathaka bomunye nomunye kuyilapho esebenzisa amandla azo. Ngokuhlanganisa ukuqiniswa kwensimbi kukhonkolo, akuvikeli nje kuphela insimbi ekuchayekeni emkhathini, kuvimbele ukugqwala kodwa futhi kuthuthukisa amandla aqinile engxenye yesakhiwo. Lokhu kwaholela ekuthuthukisweni kokhonkolo oqinisiwe, ukwandisa ububanzi bezicelo zokhonkolo ekwakhiweni.
Uma kuqhathaniswa nezakhiwo zendabuko zezitini namatshe, izakhiwo zokhuni, nezakhiwo zensimbi, izakhiwo zikakhonkolo ziye zabhekana nentuthuko esheshayo futhi seziyinto eyinhloko yesakhiwo kwezobunjiniyela bomphakathi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinhlobo zikakhonkolo ezisebenza kahle kakhulu kanye nezinhlobo ezintsha zikakhonkolo ziyaqhubeka nokuthuthuka emkhakheni wokwakha.
8. Ingilazi
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ingilazi nepulasitiki, njengezinto zokwakha ezintsha zesimanje, kuyaqhubeka kusetshenziswa emisebenzini yokwakha yanamuhla. Ingilazi ingahlangabezana nezidingo zokukhanya kwasemini, zokuhlobisa, nedizayini ye-facade, iqondaniswe nezidingo zokonga amandla kwezakhiwo zesimanjemanje. I-Glass ithola ukusebenza cishe kuzo zonke izici zokwakha ngenxa yezinhlobo zayo ezihlukene, njengengilazi eshisayo, ingilazi eqinile, ingilazi evalekile, ingilazi enombala ogqamile, ingilazi eboshwe, ingilazi enephethini, ingilazi engashi, ingilazi evalekile, nokunye. .
I-Shanghai-Poly-Grand-Theatre
9. Ipulasitiki
Ipulasitiki iyisigaba esisafufusa sezinto zokwakha okuthi, ngenxa yokusebenza kwayo okuhle kakhulu, ububanzi bezicelo, namathemba athembisayo, ibhekwa njengesigaba sesine esikhulu sezinto zokwakha ngemva kwensimbi, usimende, nokhuni ekwakhiweni kwesimanje. Ipulasitiki inobubanzi obubanzi bokusebenza, kusukela ophahleni lwendlu kuya ezindaweni ezingaphansi, futhi kusukela ezikhungweni zomphakathi ezingaphandle kuya ezintweni zokuhlobisa zangaphakathi. Njengamanje, ukusetshenziswa okuvame kakhulu kwepulasitiki lapho kwakhiwa amapayipi amanzi nawokukhipha amanzi, amapayipi ahambisa igesi, iminyango namafasitela e-PVC, kulandelwa izintambo zikagesi nezintambo.
Enye yezinzuzo ezibalulekile zamapulastiki amandla awo amakhulu okonga amandla, ngokukhiqizwa nokusetshenziswa kwemikhiqizo yepulasitiki esebenzisa amandla aphansi kakhulu uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izinto zokwakha. Ngenxa yalokho, amapulasitiki manje asetshenziswa kabanzi emisebenzini ehlukahlukene yokwakha uphahla, udonga, nephansi. Umkhakha wamapulastiki ezakhiwo ulokhu uthuthukela ekusebenzeni okuphezulu, ukusebenza okuthuthukisiwe, ukuguquguquka, kanye nokusebenza kahle kwezindleko.
10. I-Silicone sealant
I-Silicone sealant yinto efana ne-paste eyakhiwe ngokuxuba i-polydimethylsiloxane njengento eluhlaza eyinhloko ene-crosslinking agents, ama-filler, ama-plasticizers, ama-coupling agents, nama-catalysts ngaphansi kwezimo ze-vacuum. Emazingeni okushisa asekamelweni, iyelapha futhi yakhe irabha ye-silicone enwebekayo ngokusabela okunomswakama emoyeni. Isetshenziselwa ukubopha kanye nokuvala izinhlobo ezahlukene zengilazi namanye ama-substrates. Njengamanje, i-Eolya inikeza ama-multifunctional sealant, kufaka phakathi i-glass sealant, i-sealant ephikisana nesimo sezulu, i-sealant engashi, i-stone sealant, i-metal joint sealant, i-sealant engamelana nesikhunta, i-sealant ehlangene yokuhlobisa, kanye ne-glass sealant, phakathi kokunye, etholakala ngezinhlobo eziningi futhi imininingwane.
11. Igwebu le-polyurethane (PU Foam)
Njengohlobo olusha lwezinto zokwakha, i-polyurethane foam iye yathola ukunakwa okubanzi eminyakeni yamuva. Ihlanganiswa kusuka kuma-monomers afana ne-isocyanates nama-polyols ngokusebenzisa ukusabela kwe-polymerization, ngegesi ekhiqiziwe ye-carbon dioxide esebenza njenge-ejenti ekhihlizayo. Lokhu kusabela kukhiqiza igwebu le-microcellular elakheke ngokuqinile. Igwebu le-polyurethane lihlukaniswa ngokuyinhloko libe igwebu le-polyurethane eliqinile, igwebu le-polyurethane eliguquguqukayo, kanye negwebu le-polyurethane eliqinile. Ngokungafani nesakhiwo samaseli avaliwe segwebu le-polyurethane eliqinile, igwebu le-polyurethane eliguquguqukayo linesakhiwo samaseli avulekile, esibonakala ngokungasindi, ukuphefumula, nokuqina okuhle. Igwebu le-semi-rigid polyurethane liwuhlobo lwegwebu oluneseli elivulekile elinokuqina phakathi kwegwebu elithambile neliqinile, futhi linamanani aphezulu omthwalo wokuminyanisa. Igwebu le-polyurethane eliqinile, into yokwenziwa yenoveli ene-insulation kanye nemisebenzi yokuvikela amanzi, inomoya ophansi we-thermal conductivity kanye nokuminyana okuncane, ngaleyo ndlela ivame ukusetshenziswa njenge-insulation kanye ne-thermal barrier material ekwakheni.
Uma kuqhathaniswa nezinto zokwakha zendabuko, igwebu le-polyurethane linezinzuzo ezivelele ezicini ezihlukahlukene, okuhlanganisa ukusebenza kahle kokufakwa kwe-insulation, ukumelana nomlilo okuqinile, ukumelana kwamanzi okuphezulu, nezakhiwo ezizinzile zemishini. Ingasetshenziswa endaweni ngokusakaza noma ngokufafaza ukuze kwakhe ungqimba oluqhubekayo lokugqumisa, futhi ithole ukusetshenziswa okubanzi kwengaphandle lesakhiwo, uphahla, iphansi, iminyango, amafasitela, namanethiwekhi amapayipi okushisisa.
Uma kuqhathaniswa nezinto zokwakha zendabuko nesimanje, ngenxa yentuthuko kwezobuchwepheshe kanye nezidingo zezakhiwo eziguqukayo, izinto zokwakha zesimanje zinikeza izinzuzo eziningi kunezomdabu. Ngenxa yalokho, athathe isikhundla esiphezulu ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo zesimanje, kuyilapho izinto zokwakha zendabuko zisetshenziswa endimeni yokwengeza. Izinto zokwakha zesimanje njengensimbi, usimende, ukhonkolo, ingilazi, nezinhlanganisela zephule izithiyo zokuma nobukhulu obubekwe yizinto zendabuko ezifana netshe, ukhuni, izitini zobumba, ne-lime gypsum. Baye basiza ukuthuthukiswa kwezakhiwo eziphakeme kakhulu, ezijulile futhi bahlangabezana nezidingo zokwakhiwa kwedolobha, ukuhambisana nezindlela zokuvikela imvelo nokongiwa kwamandla emphakathini wanamuhla.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Aug-31-2023
