Izinto zokwakha ziyizinto eziyisisekelo zokwakha, ezinquma izici zesakhiwo, isitayela, kanye nemiphumela yaso. Izinto zokwakha zendabuko zifaka phakathi amatshe, ukhuni, izitini zobumba, ilayisi, kanye ne-gypsum, kuyilapho izinto zokwakha zesimanje zihlanganisa insimbi, usimende, ukhonkolo, ingilazi, kanye nepulasitiki. Ngayinye yazo inezici ezihlukile futhi idlala indima ebalulekile ekwakheni.
Izinto zokwakha zendabuko
1. Itshe
Itshe lingenye yezinto zokwakha zendabuko zokuqala ezisetshenziswa emlandweni wesintu. Liqukethe izindawo eziningi zokugcina, ukusatshalaliswa kabanzi, isakhiwo esihle, amandla aphezulu okucindezela, ukumelana namanzi okuhle, ukuqina, kanye nokumelana nokuguguleka okuhle kakhulu. INtshonalanga Yurophu yake yasebenzisa kakhulu itshe ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo, kanye nezibonelo eziphawulekayo ezifaka phakathi iSigodlo saseVersailles esihle eFrance kanye neNdlu yePhalamende yaseBrithani. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amaphiramidi aseGibhithe akhiwa kusetshenziswa amabhlogo amakhulu amatshe asikwe kahle. Ukwakhiwa kwamatshe kuqukethe i-aura yobukhulu, isithunzi, kanye nobukhosi. Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yobuningi bayo obukhulu kanye nesisindo, izakhiwo zamatshe zivame ukuba nezindonga ezijiyile, okunciphisa isilinganiso sendawo yesakhiwo. Noma kunjalo, ingasetshenziswa njengophawu lokunethezeka ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo eziphakeme, okudala imiphumela yobuciko eyingqayizivele.
2. Izinkuni
Izinkuni, njengezinto zokwakha zendabuko, zinezici ezifana nokukhanya, amandla aphezulu, ukubukeka okuhle, ukusebenza kahle, ukuvuselelwa, ukuphinda kusetshenziswe, kanye nokuba nobungane nemvelo ngaphandle kokungcola. Ngakho-ke, izakhiwo zezinkuni zibonisa ukuzinza okuhle kakhulu kanye nokumelana nokuzamazama komhlaba. Kodwa-ke, izinkuni ezisetshenziswa ekwakheni nazo ziza nezinkinga. Zivame ukuguquka, ukuqhekeka, ukukhula kwesikhunta, kanye nokuhlaselwa yizinambuzane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, zisengozini yomlilo, okungathinta ikhwalithi nokuqina kwazo.
Izinkuni bezilokhu ziyizinto zokwakha ezingapheli ngenxa yezakhiwo zazo ezinhle kakhulu futhi bezisetshenziswa kabanzi emisebenzini yokwakha kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo. Izakhiwo ezithile njengezingxenye zeNanchan Temple kanye neFoguang Temple eNtabeni iWutai eShayina zisebenza njengabameleli abavamile bezakhiwo. Lezi zakhiwo zinemithambeka ethambile, engaguquguquki, ama-eve amakhulu, ama-bracket avelele, kanye nesitayela esinobungane nesilula.
Emaphrojekthini obunjiniyela besimanje, izinto ezifana nemishayo, izinsika, izisekelo, iminyango, amafasitela, ngisho nezinhlobo zekhonkrithi zithembele okhunini. Njengezinto zokwakha eziphefumulayo, ukhuni lunikeza ukufudumala ebusika kanye nokuphola ehlobo, ngaleyo ndlela ludala indawo yokuhlala efaneleka kakhulu kubantu.
Ithempeli laseNanchan, eChina
3. Izitini zobumba
Izitini zobumba ziwuhlobo lwezinto zokwakha ezenziwe ngabantu. Sekuyisikhathi eside, izitini zobumba ezivamile bezilokhu ziyizinto eziyinhloko zodonga lokwakha izindlu eShayina. Izitini zobumba zibonakala ngobukhulu bazo obuncane, isisindo esilula, ukulula kokwakhiwa, ukuma okuhlelekile nokujwayelekile, amandla okuthwala imithwalo, amandla okushisa nokugcina izinto, kanye nokuhlobisa kwazo ubuso. Ukuzisebenzisa ekwakheni kudlale indima ebalulekile ekudaleni izindawo zokuhlala zabantu. Idolobha Elivinjelwe liwumfanekiso ojwayelekile wokwakha osebenzisa izitini zobumba. Izitini zobumba ezibunjwe ngendlela evamile ezisetshenziselwa ubuso obungaphandle zinegalelo emthonjeni wobuciko omangalisayo weDolobha Elivinjelwe. Kodwa-ke, izinto zokusetshenziswa zezitini zobumba ziwubumba lwemvelo, futhi ukukhiqizwa kwazo kuhilela ukudela umhlaba otshalwayo. Kancane kancane, ziye zathathelwa indawo ezinye izinto. Noma kunjalo, isikhundla sazo emlandweni wezakhiwo zabantu asisoze sasuswa.
4. Ilayisi
I-Lime, njengezinto zokwakha zendabuko, yaziwa ngokuqina kwayo okuqinile, inqubo yokuqina kancane, amandla aphansi ngemva kokuqina, kanye nokuncipha okukhulu kwevolumu ngesikhathi sokuqina. Izinkulungwane zeminyaka yayo yomlando ifakazela ukwethemba nokuthembela kwesintu kule nto. I-Lime isalokhu iyinto yokwakha ebalulekile, esetshenziswa kabanzi kumaphrojekthi ahlukahlukene okwakha kanye nasezimbonini, njengokuplasta ngaphakathi, ukuxuba udaka lwe-lime kanye ne-grout, kanye nokulungisa izitini ze-adobe nezodaka.
Ngokufanayo, i-gypsum, enye impahla yokwakha yendabuko yasendulo, inenqwaba yezinto zokusetshenziswa, inqubo yokukhiqiza elula, ukusetshenziswa kwamandla okukhiqiza okuphansi, ukumuncwa komswakama okunamandla, ukungabizi, kanye nobungane bemvelo. Ifaneleka kakhulu ezindongeni zangaphakathi zesimanje zezakhiwo, imihlobiso, kanye namaphrojekthi okuqeda. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isetshenziswa kakhulu ekwenzeni i-gypsum plaster kanye nemikhiqizo ye-gypsum.
Izinto zokwakha zesimanje
5. Insimbi
Insimbi idlala indima ebalulekile ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo zanamuhla njengezinto zokwakha. Insimbi inezimfanelo ezinhle kakhulu njengokukhanya okulula kodwa okunamandla aphezulu, ukuqina okuhle kanye nokuqina, ukuphepha nokuthembeka, izinga eliphezulu lokuthuthukiswa kwezimboni, isivinini sokwakha esisheshayo, ukudilizwa okulula, izakhiwo ezinhle zokuvala, kanye nokumelana nokushisa okuphezulu. Lezi zici zekhwalithi ephezulu ziyenza ibaluleke kakhulu ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo zanamuhla, ezisetshenziswa kakhulu ezakhiweni zensimbi ezinkulu njengezikhumulo zezindiza nezinkundla zemidlalo, izakhiwo zensimbi ezakhiweni eziphakeme kufaka phakathi amahhotela nezakhiwo zamahhovisi, izakhiwo eziphakeme njengemibhoshongo yethelevishini nezokuxhumana, izakhiwo zensimbi zegobolondo lepuleti njengezithangi ezinkulu zokugcina uwoyela namathangi egesi, izakhiwo zensimbi zasefektri zezimboni, izakhiwo zensimbi ezilula njengezindaweni zokugcina izinto ezincane, izakhiwo zensimbi yamabhuloho, kanye nezakhiwo zensimbi zezingxenye ezihambayo njengezinyusi nama-crane.
6. Usimende
I-samente, njengezinto zokwakha zesimanje, ithola ukusetshenziswa okukhulu kwezimboni, ezolimo, imithombo yamanzi, ezokuthutha, ukuthuthukiswa kwamadolobha, ichweba, kanye nokwakhiwa kwezokuvikela. Enkathini yanamuhla, isibe yinto yokwakha ebalulekile kunoma yimuphi umsebenzi wokwakha. I-samente iyinto ewuphuphu engaphekiwe, lapho ixutshwe namanzi, yakha i-samente ewuketshezi nethambile. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, le nhlanganisela ye-samente idlula ezinguqukweni zomzimba nezamakhemikhali, ishintsha kusuka ku-samente ethambile ibe yinto eqinile enezinga elithile lamandla. Ingaphinde ihlanganise ndawonye izinto eziqinile noma izinto ezihlanganisiwe ukuze yakhe isakhiwo esihlangene. I-samente ayigcini nje ngokuqina futhi ithole amandla uma ivezwa emoyeni kodwa futhi ingaqina emanzini, igcine futhi ithuthukise amandla ayo. I-samente isetshenziswa kabanzi kumaphrojekthi okwakha, enezinhlelo zokusebenza eziningi kubunjiniyela bezokwakha, ingqalasizinda kawoyela negesi, ukwakhiwa kwamadamu, ukwakhiwa kwamatshe, ukwakhiwa kwemigwaqo, nokuningi.
7. Ukhonkolo
Ikhonkrithi, njengezinto zokwakha zesimanje, idlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu kumaphrojekthi okwakha esimanje. Ikhonkrithi iyinto yokwakha eyakhiwe ngokuxuba izinto zokubopha ezifana nobumba, ilayisi, i-gypsum, umlotha wentaba-mlilo, noma i-asphalt yemvelo enezinhlanganisela ezifana nesihlabathi, i-slag, namatshe achotshoziwe. Inezakhiwo ezinhle kakhulu, okuhlanganisa ukuhlangana okuqinile, ukuqina, kanye nokumelana namanzi. Kodwa-ke, ikhonkrithi ibhekwa njengento ebuthakathaka enamandla aphezulu okucindezela kodwa enamandla aphansi kakhulu okubamba, okwenza ithambekele ekuqhekekeni.
Ngokwethulwa kwesimende nensimbi, kwatholakala ukuthi ukuhlanganisa lezi zinto kwanikeza amandla okubopha angcono futhi kwavumela ukuthi kuhambisane nobuthakathaka bomunye nomunye ngenkathi kusetshenziswa amandla azo. Ngokufaka ukuqinisa insimbi kukhonkolo, akuvikeli nje kuphela insimbi ekuvezweni emoyeni, kuvimbele ukugqwala kodwa futhi kuthuthukisa amandla okubamba kwengxenye yesakhiwo. Lokhu kwaholela ekuthuthukisweni kokhonkolo oqinisiwe, kwandisa ububanzi bezicelo zekhonkolo ekwakheni.
Uma kuqhathaniswa nezakhiwo zendabuko zezitini namatshe, izakhiwo zokhuni, kanye nezakhiwo zensimbi, izakhiwo zekhonkrithi ziye zathuthuka ngokushesha futhi seziyizinto zokwakha eziyinhloko kwezobunjiniyela bezezakhiwo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinhlobo zekhonkrithi ezisebenza kahle kakhulu kanye nezinhlobo ezintsha zekhonkrithi ziyaqhubeka nokuthuthuka futhi zithuthuka emkhakheni wokwakha.
8. Ingilazi
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ingilazi nepulasitiki, njengezinto zokwakha zesimanje ezintsha, zisetshenziswa njalo kumaphrojekthi okwakha esimanje. Ingilazi ingahlangabezana nezidingo zokukhanyisa emini, ukuhlobisa, kanye nokuklama i-facade, ngokuvumelana nezidingo zokusebenzisa kahle amandla zezakhiwo zesimanje. Ingilazi isetshenziswa cishe kuzo zonke izici zokwakha ngenxa yezinhlobo zayo ezahlukene, njengengilazi eqinisiwe, ingilazi eqinisiwe, ingilazi eqinisiwe, ingilazi ehlanganisiwe, ingilazi ehlanganisiwe, ingilazi ehlanganisiwe, ingilazi ehlanganisiwe, ingilazi enephethini, ingilazi engashi, ingilazi ye-vacuum, nokuningi.
I-Shanghai-Poly-Grand-Theatre
9. Ipulasitiki
Ipulasitiki iyisigaba esisha sezinto zokwakha, ngenxa yokusebenza kwayo okuhle kakhulu, ububanzi bezicelo, kanye namathuba athembisayo, ibhekwa njengesigaba sesine esikhulu sezinto zokwakha ngemuva kwensimbi, usimende, kanye nokhuni ekwakheni kwesimanje. Ipulasitiki inezinhlobo eziningi zezicelo, kusukela ophahleni kuya ezindaweni ezingaphansi komhlaba, kanye nasezindaweni zomphakathi zangaphandle kuya ezintweni zokuhlobisa zangaphakathi. Njengamanje, ukusetshenziswa okuvame kakhulu kwepulasitiki ekwakheni amapayipi amanzi kanye nokukhipha amanzi, amapayipi okudlulisa igesi, kanye neminyango namafasitela e-PVC, kulandelwe izintambo zikagesi kanye nezintambo.
Enye yezinzuzo ezibalulekile zepulasitiki ukuthi zingaba namandla amakhulu okonga amandla, lapho ukukhiqizwa nokusetshenziswa kwemikhiqizo yepulasitiki kusetshenziswa amandla aphansi kakhulu uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izinto zokwakha. Ngenxa yalokho, amapulasitiki manje asetshenziswa kabanzi kumaphrojekthi ahlukahlukene okwakha uphahla, udonga, kanye nophahla. Insimu yepulasitiki yokwakha iyaqhubeka nokuguqukela ekusebenzeni okuphezulu, ukusebenza okuthuthukisiwe, ukuguquguquka, kanye nokusebenza kahle kwezindleko.
10. Isivalo se-silicone
I-silicone sealant iyinto efana ne-paste eyakhiwe ngokuxuba i-polydimethylsiloxane njengezinto eziyinhloko zokusetshenziswa ngama-agent okuxhumanisa, ama-filler, ama-plasticizer, ama-coupling agent, kanye nama-catalyst ngaphansi kwezimo ze-vacuum. Ezingeni lokushisa legumbi, yelapha futhi yakhe irabha ye-silicone elastic ngokusebenzisa ukusabela okunomswakama emoyeni. Isetshenziselwa ukubopha nokuvala izinhlobo ezahlukene zengilazi nezinye izinto ezisetshenziswayo. Njengamanje, i-Eolya inikeza ama-sealant asebenzayo amaningi, kufaka phakathi i-glass sealant, i-sealant engamelani nesimo sezulu, i-sealant engamelani nomlilo, i-stone sealant, i-metal joint sealant, i-mold-resistant sealant, i-decorative joint sealant, kanye ne-insulated glass sealant, phakathi kwezinye, etholakala ngezinhlobo eziningi kanye nokucaciswa.
11. Igwebu le-polyurethane (igwebu le-PU)
Njengohlobo olusha lwezinto zokwakha, i-polyurethane foam ithole ukunakwa okubanzi eminyakeni yamuva nje. Yenziwe ngama-monomers afana nama-isocyanates nama-polyol ngokusebenzisa ukusabela kwe-polymerization, kanye negesi ye-carbon dioxide ekhiqizwayo esebenza njenge-ejenti ye-foam. Lokhu kusabela kukhiqiza i-foam encane eyakhiwe kahle. I-polyurethane foam ihlukaniswe ngokuyinhloko nge-foam ye-polyurethane eqinile, i-polyurethane foam eguquguqukayo, kanye ne-semi-rigid polyurethane foam. Ngokungafani nesakhiwo samaseli avaliwe se-rigid polyurethane foam, i-flexible polyurethane foam inesakhiwo samaseli avulekile, esibonakala ngokukhanya kwayo, ukuphefumula, kanye nokuqina okuhle. I-semi-rigid polyurethane foam uhlobo lwe-open-cell lwe-foam olunobunzima phakathi kwe-foam ethambile neqinile, futhi inenani eliphakeme lomthwalo wokucindezela. I-rigid polyurethane foam, into entsha yokwenziwa enomsebenzi wokufaka nokuvikela amanzi, inokushisa okuphansi kanye nobuningi obuncane, ngakho-ke ivame ukusetshenziswa njengento yokuvikela kanye nezinto zokuvimbela ukushisa ekwakheni.
Uma kuqhathaniswa nezinto zokwakha zendabuko, i-polyurethane foam inezinzuzo ezinhle kakhulu ezicini ezahlukahlukene, okuhlanganisa ukusebenza kahle kakhulu kokuvikela ukushisa, ukumelana nomlilo okuqinile, ukumelana namanzi amaningi, kanye nezakhiwo ezizinzile zemishini. Ingasetshenziswa endaweni ngokufaka noma ukufutha ukuze yakhe ungqimba lokuvikela oluqhubekayo, futhi ithole ukusetshenziswa okukhulu ekwakheni ingaphandle, ophahleni, phansi, eminyango, emafasiteleni, kanye namanethiwekhi okuhambisa amapayipi okushisa.
Uma kuqhathaniswa nezinto zokwakha zendabuko nezesimanje, ngenxa yentuthuko kwezobuchwepheshe kanye nezidingo zokwakha ezishintshayo, izinto zokwakha zesimanje zinikeza izinzuzo eziningi kunezendabuko. Ngenxa yalokho, zithathe isikhundla esiphezulu ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo zesimanje, kuyilapho izinto zokwakha zendabuko zisetshenziswa endimeni eyengeziwe. Izinto zokwakha zesimanje ezifana nensimbi, usimende, ukhonkolo, ingilazi, kanye nezinto ezihlanganisiwe ziye zaphula imingcele yesimo nobukhulu obubekwa izinto zendabuko ezifana namatshe, ukhuni, izitini zobumba, kanye ne-gypsum yelayimu. Ziye zasiza ekuthuthukiseni izakhiwo eziphakeme, ezijulile futhi zahlangabezana nezidingo zokwakha zasemadolobheni, zihambisana nemikhuba yokuvikela imvelo kanye nokongiwa kwamandla emphakathini wanamuhla.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Agasti-31-2023
